2009年6月13日 星期六

6/13作業

3-5

3.5-3-5行星上的NPP最後能限制在地球上存活消費者的數量
3.5-3-6人類族群組成佔總生物量的1%,使用或浪費的資源卻佔地球全部的生產比率20-32%

4-3 science focus

蟑螂有很高的繁殖速度。幫助他們經過人類給她們吃毒藥的天擇。

3-5-3

AS we have seen ,producers are the source of all nutrients or food in an ecosystem for themselves and for consumer organisms. only the biomass represented by NPP is available as nutrients for consumers ,and they use only a portion of this amount.thus, the planet's npp ultimately limits the number of consumers that can survive on the earth. this is an important lesson from nature.

生產者是他們自己和消費者有機體在生態所有營養物食物的來源。只有生物量已NPP描述做為消費者可利用的營養物並且他們只使用這部份。因此行星上的NPP最後能限制在地球上存活消費者的數量。這是從自然中學到一個重要的課。

Peter Vitousek, Stuart Rojstaczer, and other ecologists estimate that humans now use, waste, or destroy about 20-32% of the earth's total potential NPP. This is a remarkably high value, considering that the human population makes up less than 1% of the total biomass of all of the earth's consumers that depend on producers for their nutrients.These scientists contend that this is the main reason why we are crowding out or eliminating the habitats and nutrient supplies of so many other species and degrading or destroying som of the ecosystem services they provide.


Peter Vitousek, Stuart Rojstaczer和其他生態科學家估計現在人類所使用、浪費或沒有用的佔地球全部的聲產比率20-32%,這是一個另人引人注目的高值。研究發現人類族群組成佔總生物量的1%,然而全部地球的消費者卻都依賴生產者給它們的營養。這些科學家認為主要的原因是我們排除棲息地和營養供應在許多其他的物種和破壞一些它們所提供的生態系統服務。

2-4-3

second,when electrical energy in the form of moving electrons flows throughfilament wires in an incandescent light bulb, about 5% of into useful light and95% flows into the environment as low-quality heat. in other words, the incandescentlight bulb is really an energy-wasting heat bulb.

第二,當電能的形式,移動電子流經纖維絲的白熾燈泡,約5 %的轉化為有用的光線和95 %流入環境低質量的熱量。換言之,白熾燈燈泡實際上是浪費能源熱燈泡。

Third,in living systems,solar energy is converted into chemical energy(food molecules)and then into mechanical energy(for moving,thinking,and living).During each conversion,high-quality energy is degraded and flows into the environment as low-quality heat.Trace the flows and energy conversions in Figure 2-7 to see how this happens.

第三,在生物系統,太陽能轉化為化學能(食品分子) ,然後為機械能(移動,思想和生活) 。 在每次轉換,高品質的能源是退化和流入環境低質量的熱量。 微量的流動和能量轉換圖2-7看到這種情況發生。

翻譯

Propose an hypothesis to explain the data.Scientists suggest a scientific hypothesis,or possible explanation of what they observe in nature.The data collected by Bormann and Likens showed a decrease in the ability of a cleared forest to store water and retain soil nutrients such as nitrogen.They came up with the following hypothesis,or tentative explanation for their data:When a forest is cleared,it retains less water and loses large quantities of its soil nutrients when water from rain and melting snow flows across its exposed soil.

提出了一種假說來解釋數據。科學家猜測一個科學假說,可以解釋他們觀察的自然。鮑爾曼和萊肯斯所收集的數據顯示,清除森林會使蓄水和保持土壤養分(像氮等)的能力減少。他們提出了以下假設,或暫時解釋他們的數據:當森林被清除,它保留了較少的水,當失去了大量的土壤養分的水時,暴雨和融化的冰雪流動在其暴露的土壤。